Musical Influences and Inspirations from The Master Music and Meaning in Bulgakov’s Masterpiece and Beyond - Literature Essay Samples

â€Å"Music is a language that doesn’t speak in particular words. It speaks in emotions, and if it’s in the bones, it’s in the bones† Keith Richards From the beginning of time music has been a staple for mankind. Suzanne Boothby in her article â€Å"Does Music Affect Your Mood?† says that â€Å"from the drumbeats of our ancient ancestors to today’s unlimited streaming services, music is an integral part of the human experience† (Boothby). Music can be used as therapy, to invoke memories, and to even release dopamine which results in an elevated mood. Mikhail Bulgakov’s masterpiece novel The Master and Margarita is filled to the brim with music. In the novel, one cannot go more than ten pages at any given time without some sort of reference to music. Unlike many other novels, The Master and Margarita essentially has its own soundtrack. When tracing and investigating the musical references, one begins to develop a deeper understa nding of the work, which I presume to be aligned with Bulgakov’s authorial intent. Though I was unable to come across any hard evidence throughout my research, I hypothesize that Bulgakov was a musical connoisseur. Bulgakov attended operas frequently, enjoyed jazz music at the American Embassy parties, and even had â€Å"a picture of the bass Lev Mikhailovitsk Sibiryakov on his desk† (Vanhellemont) from Gounod’s opera Faust. The first part of my paper will focus on what and who in terms of music influenced Bulgakov in The Master and Margarita. Out of the multitude of musical references within the novel I have decided to mainly focus on these references: Giuseppe Verdi’s opera Aida, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky’s opera Yevgeny Onegin, Vincent Youmans’s song â€Å"Hallelujah!†, Dimitri Timofeevich Lensky’s vaudeville â€Å"Lev Gurych Sinichkin†, and Dmitri Pavlovich Davydov’s â€Å"Slavnoye Morye†. When analyzing these references, I am going to explore what impact these references have in relation to how music moves the action of the plot, and also how the music chosen comments on the society or social structure of Soviet Russia in Bulgakov’s time. The second part of my paper will focus on musicians who have been influenced by Bulgakov and his masterpiece The Master and Margarita. The musicians and songs I have chosen to analyze are Patti Smith’s â€Å"Banga†, Franz Ferdinand’s â€Å"Love and Destroy†, and the Rolling Stones’ â€Å"Sympathy for the Devil†. Through my research, I have found that not only do these songs reference the novel, but when analyzed for meaning they shed light on alternative aspects or theories pertaining to the overall meaning. The first musical allusion of note is from Giuseppe Verdi’s opera Aida. Aida premiered December 24, 1861 at the Khedivial Opera House in Cario. Verdi’s Aida is set in ancient Egypt and plays out through four acts (Green). Bulgakov loved Verdi’s opera â€Å"very much and quoted it often† (Vanhellemont). Throughout the novel, the exclamation â€Å"gods, gods!† appears ten times. The first words that Pontius Pilate speaks in the novel are â€Å"’Gods, gods, why do you punish me?’† (Bulgakov 17). This expression of â€Å"gods, gods† is derived from the libretto of Aida in the last stanza of Act I Scene I: Oh gods, have pity on my suffering! There is no hope for my sorrow. Fatal love, terrible love, Break my heart, make me die! Oh gods, have pity on my suffering! (Vanhellemont) There are several parallels that can be made between the libretto of Act I Scene I of Aida and The Master and Margarita. First, there is the obvious pa rallel between the libretto and Pilate’s character arc. In the novel, Pilate’s character becomes equated with suffering. Pilate’s suffering derives from his guilt of sentencing Yeshua to death. Even though Pilate was intrigued by Yeshua he still had to put him to death essentially because of politics or diplomacy. Herein arises the question of free will within the novel. In the libretto for Aida it is implied that free will is nonexistent and one’s fate is determined solely by the gods. Throughout The Master and Margarita the question of free will posed by Aida continuously resurfaces. For example, this unique portrayal of free will within the novel can be seen in Woland’s â€Å"death sentence† for the Variety Theater’s bartender Andrey Fokich Sokov. Herein, Woland relays the bad news that Sokov will die of liver cancer in nine months, but he is not acting as a puppeteer pulling the strings of Sokov’s life. If I had to infer, I would assume that it was Sokov’s own poor choices throughout his life that landed him the liver cancer, and not Woland. This type of free will plays out with Pilate as well. It was ultimately Pilate’s own choice to sentence Yeshua to death. One could argue that Woland was present in form of the swallow, and also in form of Pilate’s headaches. But, at the end of the day, Pilate’s choice was his own, and it was a cowardly choice because he was just being a sheep and doing what he was told. There is also a repetition of â€Å"gods, gods† (Bulgakov 383) at the beginning of chapter eighteen â€Å"Forgiveness and Eternal Refuge† in which Pilate’s ultimate fate is discussed. In this chapter, the unholy brood come across Pilate and Banga in hell. Pilate and Banga are tormented with insomnia at the sight of the full moon. About this Woland says, â€Å"’If it is true that cowardice is the greatest sin, the dog is not guilty of it. The only thing the brave dog feared was storm. But, then, those who love must share the fate of those they love’† (386). In this quote, Woland is implying that it was Pilate’s cowardice that landed him in hell and not the gods. â€Å"’Cowardice is the greatest sin’† and by being a sheep for his government and not thinking for himself Pilate displayed cowardice. It turns out though that Pilate is not the only one guilty of cowardice. At the end of the novel Margarita is forced to share her fate with the master in hell because â€Å"’those who love must share the fate of those they love’† (386). Similar to Pilate, the master displayed cowardice by giving up, checking out mentally, and not fighting the system. Even though it was Margarita’s choice to save the master and she displayed great bravery in her rescue, she is still condemned to spend eternity in hell because of his great sin of cowardice. The second important mu sical reference that surfaces in The Master and Margarita is to Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky’s opera Yevgeny Onegin. This reference occurs in chapter four when Ivan is running through Moscow chasing after Woland and the gang. While he is running all the â€Å"windows were open. In each window there was a lamp under an orange shade, and from all windows, all doors, all gateways, roofs and attics, cellars and courtyards, came the hoarse blasts of the polonaise from the opera Yevgeny Onegin† (57). The reference then continues over to the following page: â€Å"he was inexpressibly tormented for some reason by the ubiquitous orchestra accompanying a heavy basso who sang of his love for Tatyana† (58). In this quote Bulgakov describes the â€Å"first scene of the third act of this opera, in which Onegin meets the prince Gremin. Gremin was married to Tatyana, which whom Onegin had flirted himself† (Vanhellemont). Tchaikovsky’s opera is based on the Alexander P ushkin novel of the same name. Pushkin’s novel and the opera are a staple of classical Russian culture, and act as a symbol of old ways or nostalgia within the novel. The polonaise for Yevgeny Onegin acts as the perfect action-packed, thrilling, and brilliant soundtrack to accompany Ivan. To have this classic Russian polonaise playing while Ivan is frantically running is ironic. Ivan, Berlioz, and their fellow writers openly mock and reject the culture that Yevgeny Onegin represents. In a more symbolic reading of the scene, Ivan is not only running because of Woland and the crew, but he is also fleeing from the classic Russian culture. Yet, the polonaise attempts to appeal to Ivan’s humanity or sympathy with the reference to the â€Å"basso who sang of his love for Tatyana† (Bulgakov 58). Bulgakov’s inclusion of this line is intriguing. It implies that the opera is attempting to appeal to Ivan and call him to reconcile with is roots or the classical roots . Additionally, it is of great importance that the polonaise is coming from â€Å"all windows, all doors, all gateways, roofs and attics, cellars and courtyards† (57). The borderline excessive listing of platforms of sound reinforces the standardization of Soviet society at the time. Not only do all of the citizens have the same program, that is playing the same song, but also all of the people appear to be listening to their radios at the same time. Though this scene is comical and light, it retains a serious undertone when taking into consideration censorship and the Soviet experiment. Next, I will be discussing American composer Vincent Youmans’s song â€Å"Hallelujah!†. Throughout the novel, â€Å"Hallelujah!† is alluded to on three separate occasions. For this section, I will first list all of the references and their context within the novel, and then I will analyze the effect of the song as a whole on the commentary of the novel. The first allusion surfaces in chapter five â€Å"The Affair at Griboyedov’s†. While the MASSOLIT writers are dancing a man’s voice â€Å"no longer sang but howled, ‘Hallelujah!’ The clashing of the golden cymbals occasionally covered even the clatter of the dishes which the dishwashers were sending down the chute into the kitchen. In short, hell† (66). â€Å"Hallelujah!† begins playing directly before the writers of MASSOLIT learn the fate of their leader Berlioz. The second reference of this tune surfaces after doctor Kuzmin’s run-in with Sokov in chapter 18, â€Å"The Luckless Visitors†. After arriving at home Kuzmin heard the phonograph playing â€Å"Hallelujah!† and a sparrow flew in and â€Å"limped on its left foot, obviously clowning and dragging it, moving in syncopation—in short, it was dancing a fox trot to the music of the phonograph like a drunk in a bar† (231). The third references arises in chapter 23 at â€Å"Satan’s Great Ball†. In this chapter, there is a two-page sequence (pages 278-279) where there is a duel between the deceased Johann Strauss conducting a classical polonaise and a jazz band belting out â€Å"Hallelujah!†. In order to understand why â€Å"Hallelujah!† is referenced thrice, one must first analyze the lyrics: â€Å"Satan lies a waitin’ and creatin’ skies of grey (skies of grey), but hallelujah, hallelujah helps to shoo the clouds away† (Vanhellemont). The word hallelujah is in the traditional sense a praise to God, but in the context of the novel, it is used ironically as a call or beckoning for Woland/Satan. The first reference comes literally a page before the MASSOLIT writers learn of Berlioz’s death, which Woland meddled in and predicted. The second reference is after Woland meddled in Sokov’s life and told him he would die of liver cancer, and directly before the leech incident and the appearanc e of the odd Hella/Azazello/Behemoth/Woland creature’s arrival. And the third reference is only pages before Woland’s arrival at his own ball. Jazz essentially transforms into a symbol of the devil or the devil’s work within the context of the novel. It is interesting to consider the mere inclusion of jazz due to the fact that the majority of other music references are grounded in the classical or traditional. Bulgakov was first introduced to jazz through American embassy parties thrown at the Spaso House, the American embassy in Moscow. According to Anna Sorokina in her article â€Å"6 Secrets of U.S. Ambassador Residence in Moscow that Sound Like Myths†, Bulgakov was â€Å"hugely influenced by the 1935 Spring Festival† (Sorokina). The Spring Festival that Bulgakov attended was held on â€Å"April 24, 1935 at Spaso House [and] is legendary for being one of the most lavish parties ever held by the U.S. mission abroad†¦ according to his wife, after the party he radically rewrote the chapter entitled ‘The Spring Ball of the Full Moon’ (‘Satan’s ball’)† (Sorokina). Jazz was something new and foreign to Soviet Society, so it is interesting that Bulgakov used it in association with the devil. I would go as far to argue that jazz, like Bulgakov, resisted the traditions of classical conventions, and this frightened people. It is also important to note that shorty after â€Å"Hallelujah!† is played all three times, people are taken away to the mental hospital. First is Ivan, then doctor Kuzmin, and then more obscurely the Master (after he died) visiting Ivan. Knowing that these people are carted away after hearing â€Å"Hallelujah!† forces me to think of jazz in a societal context. Unlike the predominant classical music of the time, jazz does not play by any rules. It is unpredictable, subversive, and ultimately threatening to classical music—just like an enlightened m ind is to society. The succeeding, and possibly most strange musical allusion I will be discussing is the inclusion and inversion of Dimitri Timofeevich Lensky’s â€Å"Lev Gurych Sinichkin, or a Provincial Debutante† in chapter 12 of The Master and Margarita. Chapter 12 titled â€Å"Black Magic and Its Full Exposà ©Ã¢â‚¬  details the disorder that Woland and the gang cause through an extravagant magic show. In this magic show money falls from the ceiling, Bengalsky is beheaded and then re-headed, and women are awarded the finest clothing. While greed consumes and corrupts the citizens, Behemoth forces the conductor to play a march. In the Mirra Ginsburg translation of the text, the band strikes up a â€Å"half-absurd, half-blind, recklessly merry† tune with the lyrics: His very excellent excellency Loved domestic chicks. He always had under his wing Four, or five, or six. (Bulgakov 146) These lyrics are undeniably absurd, but they also vary per translation of the novel. The other translation of Bulgakov’s version of this tune comes from Pevear/Volokhonsky and goes like: His Excellency reached the stage Of liking barnyard fowl. He took under his patronage Three young girls and an owl!! (Vanhellemont) Now, the original words for the Dmitri Timofeevich Lensky song, translation by Kevin Moss are: His Excellency calls her his own and even patronage renders to her. (Vanhellemont) These versions paint three very different pictures. Clearly, Bulgakov’s version, despite translation, is meant to jest and even make a mockery of the original song. Still though, it initially seems odd for Bulgakov to place a piece of this nature directly at the conclusion of Woland’s magic show. Through my research and contemplation, I have come up with two intermingling theories for the placement and usage of â€Å"His Excellency†. First, the chaos and nonsense of the song’s lyrics mirror the chaos in Moscow caused by Woland. At t he time when The Master and Margarita was being written, Russia was a Communist country. Communism advocated for the elimination of private property. When Woland and gang began throwing around money, garments, etc. everyone attending the show should not have gone wild because the Communist society in theory provides everything that citizens need. But, mass chaos erupted and the sheer greed of humanity prevailed. The absurdity of this song essentially acts as a parallel to the absurdity of Communist society. Intermingling with the absurdity of the lyrics, it is necessary to note that â€Å"His Excellency† is a march. According to Encyclopedia Britannica a march in musical form has an â€Å"even meter (in 2/4 or 4/4/) with strongly accented first beats to facilitate military marching† (Britannica). Yet, in this scene within the novel no one is marching—there is no order, only chaos. Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica also note that in the â€Å"20th century, Serg ey Prokofiev and Igor Stravinsky evoked the march for satirical purposes as well† (Britannica). With this information from the Encyclopedia Britannica, I would argue that Bulgakov used â€Å"His Excellency† to satirize the standardization or conformity of Communist Russia. Bulgakov saw people for the individuals that they were, and called attention to the absurdity of the Soviet experiment. To continue along the lines of Bulgakov’s critique of Communist society, an intriguing inclusion of â€Å"Slavnoye Morye† or in English â€Å"Glorious Sea, Sacred Baikal† occurs. â€Å"Glorious Sea, Sacred Baikal† is a song that was â€Å"thought up by prisoners from the Nerchinsk prison camp in Siberia around 1850. It was based on the poem ‘Dumy beglesta na Bakalye’ or ‘The Soul of the Fugitives in the Baikal’, which was written in 1848 by Dmitri Pavlovich Davydov† (Vanhellemont). In chapter 17, titled â€Å"A Troubled Da y†, Vasily Stepanovich ventures to the Commission on Spectacles and Light Entertainment to report the events that occurred at Woland’s black magic show. However, Vasily is greeted by a man-less suit and a cursed staff. Said staff in a sort of mass hypnosis start singing together a â€Å"well-known exile song about the Baikal Lake in Siberia† (Vanhellemont). Between pages 205-208 the employees are unwillingly bursting into song: But suddenly they somehow automatically began the second verse. They were led by Kosarchuk, who may not have had a perfect ear, but had a rather pleasant high tenor. They finished it. The conductor was still absent! They dispersed to their places, but before they had time to sit down, they burst into song once more, against their own will. They tried to stop—impossible. They would be silent for three minutes, and again burst into song. Silence—song! They realized they were in trouble. (Bulgakov 208) The employees of the Commi ssion on Spectacles and Light Entertainment only became desperately cursed after their leader Prokhor Petrovich proclaimed out of annoyance â€Å"the devil take me!† (204). Instead of only punishing Pertovich for using the devil’s name in vain, Woland punishes everyone. This punishment appears to be a well-defined comment on the structure of Soviet society. Though Stalin is in control up top doing whatever he wants, it is the common man that is being punished. An entire people are being condemned for the actions and decisions of one man. This train of thought once again conjures the concept of free will. It could be argued that no one in Soviet society, especially at a government job such as the fictitious Commission on Spectacles and Light Entertainment, or even MASSOLIT have any autonomy or free will. And, if one exercised their autonomy or free will and Stalin decided he did not like it, the end result is exile or death. The punishment for the employees of Commissio n on Spectacles and Light Entertainment could also be in part for their cowardice. It was Bulgakov’s belief that cowardice is the pitfall of man, and in his eyes, there is nothing more cowardly than giving in to the establishment and working for the man. These people are not only imprisoned to Woland, but they are also in a more practical sense imprisoned to their jobs and status within Soviet society. This sense of imprisonment is also ironic due to the fact that â€Å"Glorious Sea, Sacred Baikal† is a song that became popular from a prison camp. In addition, it must also be noted that the fate of the employees of Commission on Spectacles and Light Entertainment results in a stay at Professor Stravinsky’s hospital. Now, not only are their minds in a state of imprisonment, but also their physical bodies, which results in a complete level of hopelessness. There are no winners at this time in Soviet society. After taking the time to discuss what I deem to be integ ral music references in Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita, I am now going to switch gears a bit and explore three songs that were inspired by Bulgakov’s masterpiece. In this section I will be investigating Patti Smith’s â€Å"Banga†, Franz Ferdinand’s â€Å"Love and Destroy†, and the Rolling Stones’ â€Å"Sympathy for the Devil†. What I have found through my research is that these songs not only reference The Master and Margarita, but they also provide a unique lens in which the novel can be analyzed. In 2012, legendary American rock singer Patti Smith released her album titled Banga. From her early days on, Smith has admitted to being inspired by Russian novels and novelists. The title song of the album, â€Å"Banga† is thoroughly inspired by Bulgakov’s creature-inclusive plot lines in Heart of a Dog, The Fatal Eggs, and The Master and Margarita. Smith’s insightful lyrics allow one to initiate a guided d ive into the loyalty showcased throughout The Master and Margarita. The lyric â€Å"you can leave him twice, but he won’t leave you† (Patti Smith) is a clear reference to Pontius Pilate’s faithful mutt Banga. But, I would argue that Smith’s lyric could also apply to Margarita, especially because even though the master had left her, she did everything in her power—even selling her soul, to get him back. Hearing this lyric, I am reminded of what Woland says of Pilate and his pup: â€Å"When the moon is full, he is tormented, as you see, with insomnia. And it torments not only him, but also his faithful guardian, the dog. If it is true that cowardice is the greatest sin, the dog is not guilty of it. The only thing the brave dog feared was storm. But, then, those who love must share the fate of those they love.† (Bulgakov 385-386) This quote demonstrations a parallel between Banga and Margarita as they are both condemned to follow those they lov e into the depths of hell. Both Banga and Margarita did not abandon those they love, which is ultimately a great act of courage. Margarita literally went to hell and back to save the master, and Banga essentially did the same. With both Margarita and Banga there is a sense of courage within their blind loyalty. But, on the other hand their loved ones, Pilate and the master each exhibit great cowardice. The master exhibits cowardice by burning his manuscripts, giving himself up to the system, and secretly checking himself into a mental hospital so as to not rock the boat. Pilate exhibited cowardice by sentencing an innocent man to death because his government job forced him to do so. Yet, the irony is both the courageous and the cowardly all find themselves ultimately in hell. So, I wonder if both Bulgakov and Smith are warning one to be careful of whom they love, and to what degree they love—or possibly implying something like â€Å"do not love a coward who gives into the sy stem because they will just drag you down to hell too†. In 2004, Scottish rock band Franz Ferdinand released their song â€Å"Love and Destroy† on the B-side of their album Michael. â€Å"Love and Destroy† has an upbeat rock tempo with an incredibly catchy chorus. The lyrics of the song focus on aspects of Margarita’s experience on Walpurgis night. In the article â€Å"Reading the music: What Mick Jagger and Mikhail Bulgakov have in common† Alex Kapranos, the front-man of Franz Ferdinand explains what The Master and Margarita means to him: â€Å"Unlike many novels that explore the conflict between Jesus and Pontius Pilate and quickly become theological essays, Bulgakov introduces the Jesus-Pilate conflict and supporting events within a story set in the modern day Russia, complete with witches, sorcery, a Satan’s ball and accurate portraits of somewhat complex, contradictory and sometimes despicable Russian characters bred under absurd commun ist notions of utopian society† (RBTH). Though Kapranos’s take on the novel as a whole is interesting, the lyrics to â€Å"Love and Destroy† seem to focus more on Margarita and a notion of freedom from the oppressive, standardized Soviet society. The lyrics that stood out most for me from the song are in verse one and verse three. Verse one goes like: â€Å"I’m so free I could lacerate/ Rip the robes right off of my chest/ I fly high above the Muscovites’ sky/ I’m going to rip, rip, I’ll never rest† (Franz Ferdinand). What caught my attention with these lyrics was the violent word choice, the â€Å"lacerate† and the repetition of â€Å"rip†. This choice of words forces me to think of the pressures and constraints placed upon citizens of communist Russia. Herein, Margarita is violently attempting to rip herself away from said constraints, and it appears the only way to do that is by separating herself from Moscow by flying in the sky. The third verse goes like: â€Å"I’m so free as I meet you/ Welcoming back, the Queen of the ball/ It’s dark beneath the Muscovites’ sky/ But you give, you give me it all† (Franz Ferdinand). This verse allows me to believe that in Bulgakov’s satirized version of society, the only way to truly be free from the oppressive government is to literally become a witch and fly around naked. I realize that this is an exaggeration, but it provides an insight into how bad things really were, how constrictive and domineering Communist Russia really was. Analyzing The Master and Margarita through the lens of â€Å"Love and Destroy† makes me question if in Bulgakov’s mind Woland is the real savior and not Yeshua. In the context of the novel, Woland grants freedom to many. He frees Natasha by forever transforming her into a witch, he ultimately provides salvation for Pilot near the end of the novel, and Woland also frees both the master and Margarita by giving them all they ever wanted. Yeshua, in the context of the novel, literally does not doing anything. He dies and then disappears (more or less) from the storyline. Multiple roles appear to be inverted within the novel. For example, Margarita is not the stereotypical damsel in distress waiting for her prince charming, but rather she is the one who saves the master. By inverting these roles, Bulgakov fosters a sense of discomfort and distrust which ultimately can be reflected onto the society of the time. On December 6, 1968, uber-famous rock band The Rolling Stones released one of their greatest songs of all-time â€Å"Sympathy for the Devil†. â€Å"Sympathy for the Devil† was written by front-man Mick Jagger after his then girlfriend Marianne Faithfull provided him with a copy of Bulgakov’s The Master and Margarita. There are many clear parallels to the novel in lyrics, especially in verse one and verse two. Verse one says: â€Å"P lease allow me to introduce myself/ I’m a man of wealth and taste/ I’ve been around for a long, long year/ Stole many a man’s soul and faith/ And I was ‘round when Jesus Christ/ Had his moment of doubt and pain/ Made damn sure that Pilate/ Washed his hands and sealed his fate† (The Rolling Stones). The first two lines are a direct equivalent to Woland’s initial meeting with Berlioz and Ivan. In addition, the devil in â€Å"Sympathy for the Devil† shares the same feeling about Pontius Pilate’s fate. The lines in verse two are less closely paired with the novel: â€Å"I stuck around St. Petersburg/ When I saw it was a time for a change/ Killed the Czar and his ministers/ Anastasia screamed in vain/ I rode a tank, held a general’s rank/ When the Blitzkrieg raged and the bodies stank† (The Rolling Stones). Though the lyrics here are not directly tied to any of the characters or plot like the lines in verse one, they are still â€Å"famous events from Russian history which are explicitly or indirectly commented on by Bulgakov in the novel† (Vanhellemont). What is arguably most interesting about â€Å"Sympathy for the Devil† is that it is written in first person narrative from the devil’s perspective. Yet, even though it is written from the devil’s perspective, the devil is not actively committing atrocities. But rather, the devil is just there on standby—to watch as fate takes its course. It seems that â€Å"Sympathy for the Devil† is implying that mankind incites its own downfall, not God or the devil. The atmosphere and â€Å"construction of the song fit also perfectly with the book. The band worked with rather unusual instruments†¦ after a long process of (re)working it became a samba, which Jagger called ‘hypnotic’ and Richards called ‘insane’† (Vanhellemont). Almost in a trance itself, humanity is in a strong cycle of committing atrocities against one another. It happened in Bulgakov’s time, before Bulgakov’s time, and will continue to happen after Bulgakov’s time. In the novel, there are some events that are clearly perpetuated by Woland—such as Varenukha becoming a vampire, or Nikolai turning into a pig. But, at the novel’s close all previous issues perpetuated by Woland (that want to be resolved) are resolved. Woland does not condemn Berlioz or Sokov to death, but rather he just predicts it and watches as the inevitable occurs. Ultimately, the numerous musical references that Bulgakov makes throughout The Master and Margarita allow readers to establish a better picture of Bulgakov’s intent for the novel. The music acts as a perfect soundtrack to accompany the action of the plot. In addition, the musical references specifically speak to the standardization of Soviet Russia and other terrible societal structures of the time. It is my hope that as time progresses, artists and musicians will continue to be inspired by Bulgakov’s masterpiece and continue to produce illuminating songs, such as Patti Smith’s â€Å"Banga†, Franz Ferdinand’s â€Å"Love and Destroy†, and The Rolling Stones’ â€Å"Sympathy for the Devil†Ã¢â‚¬â€which all contribute additional rich material in which one can analyze of the text. Works Cited Banga. Patti Smith. Banga. 2012. Boothby, Suzanne. Does Music Affect Your Mood? 13 April 2017. Heathline. 6 May 2018. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. March . 4 March 2016. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 4 May 2018. Bulgakov, Mikhail. The Master and Margarita. Trans. Mirra Ginsburg. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1967. Green, Aaron. Verdis Aida: Synopsis. 14 August 2017. ThoughtCo. 2018. Love and Destroy. Franz Ferdinand. Michael [Single]. Prod. Tore Johansson. 2004. March (music). 29 April 2018. Wikipedia. 4 May 2018. RBTH. Reading the music: What Mick Jagger and Mikhail Bulgakov have in common. 11 March 2016. Russia Beyond. 6 May 2018. Sorokina, Anna. 6 Secrets of U.S. Ambassador Residence in Moscow that Sound Like Myths. 4 July 2017. Russia Beyond. 2 May 2018. Sympathy for the Devil. The Rolling Stones. Beggars Banquet. 1968. Vanhellemont, Jan. Musical Themes of the Novel. 2017. Master Margarita. 2018.

Analysis Of Tom Scott s Charter System - 1828 Words

Tom Scott found ways around the charter system in America and opened the doors for corporations to turn into monopolies. A monopoly is a company that has outmatched all other competition to where there is no more competition. without competition the company can charge whatever price they choose and no new competition ever challenges them because the monopoly buys out the new competition. Tom Scott made it so corporations could buy stock from other companies. Ted Nace explains Scott worked for a railroad. He was a very wealthy man and used his money and power within the company to make promises to people, such as building railroads to boost economic growth. These promises got him enough votes to be elected into the state congress. He then used his power to relieve taxation on the railroad and sway opinions of the people. Then to help his company expand Scott created a company that could modify its own charter. Scott then used this company to buy out other railroad companies creating a monopoly (Nace, 2003). Scott created what is know as a holding company. These companies are used to â€Å"hold† assets of a large corporation. Because Scott modified the charter he was then able to secretly buy other companies without gaining suspicion from the federal government. Scotts power was the beginning of corporations becoming more powerful than the government. The government is having a constantly changing view on corporations. One minute the government makes laws to help corporations andShow MoreRelatedTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words   |  261 PagesFeatured discussion In your experience, what is the TOP #1 cause for Project failure? From experience, the following are the TOP10 causes of Project failure that Mathew can think of (they are not in any kind of order): #1. Lacking Sponsor s Involvement/Ownership #2. Halo Effect (Wrong Man for the Job) #3. Poor HR Management #4. 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Millett, Editors, Committee on Privacy in the Information Age, National Research Council ISBN: 978-0-309-10392-3, 456 pages, 6 x 9, hardback (2007) This free executive summary is provided by the National Academies as part of our mission to educateRead MoreFundamental Financial Accounting Concepts13807 Words   |  56 Pages2003, 2000, 1998, 1996 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and printRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pageson acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys tem, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permissionRead MoreManagers Explore and Exploit9261 Words   |  38 PagesOrganizational Ambidexterity in Action: How Managers Explore and Exploit Author(s): Charles A. OReilly III and Michael L. Tushman Reviewed work(s): Source: California Management Review, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Summer 2011), pp. 5-22 Published by: University of California Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/cmr.2011.53.4.5 . Accessed: 27/11/2011 04:22 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/termsRead MoreVideo Notes29279 Words   |  118 Pages |2, 15 |27 | |Pearson Education: Information Technology |3, 4, 10 |31 | |Process Analysis at Starwood |4 |33 | |Starwood: Process Performance and Quality |5 |37 Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesLeadership Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 1.4 Projects and programs (.2) 1.4.1 Managing the portfolio 1.4.3 Strategy and projects 2.3 Stakeholders and review boards 12.1 RFP’s and vendor selection (.3.4.5) 11.2.2.6 SWAT analysis 6.5.2.7 Schedule compression 9.4.2.5 Leadership skills G.1 Project leadership 10.1 Stakeholder management Chapter 11 Teams Chapter 3 Organization: Structure and Culture 2.4.1 Organization cultures [G.7] 2.4.2 Organization structureRead MoreErp Sap Research Paper46896 Words   |  188 PagesPRENTICE HALL MA NAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS TITLES MIS: Brown/DeHayes/Hoffer /Martin/Perkins, Managing Information Technology 6/e  © 2009 JessuplValacich, Information Systems Today 31e  © 2008 Kr oenke, Using MIS 21e  © 2009 Kr oenke, Experiencing MIS  © 2008 Laudon/Laudon, Management Information Systems 10le  © 2007 Laudon/Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems 81e  © 2009 Luftman et aI., Managing the IT Resource  © 2004 Malaga, Information Systems Technology  © 2005 McKeen/Smith, IT StrategyRead MoreMandinka Empire21578 Words   |  87 Pagescolonial British and plantation records, and numerous mentions of slaves in colonial newspaper accounts, including ads for runaway slaves. 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Celebrity Power Essay - 2156 Words

Introduction Living in the twenty-first century we are exposed to media whether it is television, films, magazines, or tabloids. Celebrities play a huge role in people’s lives by acting as role models for those seeking guidance or advice. Celebrity characteristics and the way we view them have a significant impact on choices we make especially decisions regarding health. Sometimes it isn’t realized that a celebrity actually influenced a choice you’ve made. Although scholars have claimed that celebrities have influenced body image perception, they have neglected to fully appreciate the impacts that celebrities have on issues such as drug use, eating habits and cosmetic appearance. Therefore, scholars must focus on all related health issues†¦show more content†¦During BIRG, fans have a tendency to envision themselves closely connected with teams that win. Fans using the words like â€Å"we won† are evidence of this phenomenon. Most people are also more likely to wear the teams’ apparel after a win. Tendencies to bask in reflected glory help to explain why people develop an imagined association with the athlete or team and shape associated responses like heightened joy after a remarkable win. Conversely, even with losing teams, fans can develop a strong attachment that can induce fans to be loyal although the team is mediocre. The second theory, parasocial interaction, conceptualized by Horton and Wohl, is basically â€Å"an imaginary relationship between a television viewer and the television personality or â€Å"persona†Ã¢â‚¬  (Horton Wohl 1956). W.J. Brown says that, â€Å"Parasocial relationships with celebrities occur through a variety of mediated contexts† (362). For example, an audience can develop parasocial interaction or relationships with sports celebrities through going to sporting events, watching sports on television, viewing commercials that feature athletes and collecting memorabilia. Lastly, identif ication is the third theory that can explain how individuals can become involved with a sports celebrity. In the 25th issue of Public Opinion Quarterly, Kelman describes two means of identification. The first he called classical identification, and defines as, â€Å"attempts to be like or actually be the other person†Show MoreRelatedDo Celebrities Get Special Treatment? Essay1290 Words   |  6 Pagesnothing else but talk about this celebrities, most praise how they dress and how the handle daily routines. It has come to the point that some celebrities seem to have certain immunity. Why does it seem that they can get away with things that an average person will not even dare to do. Are they better than the average American, or is their behavior reasonable. What drives a celebrity to act so irresponsible to themselves and those around them. Many celebrities have been involved in criminal actsRead MoreThe Media Of A Media1385 Words   |  6 Pagesreaders. 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A Collection of the Best Thanksgiving Quotes

Ah, the cherished holiday of Thanksgiving. There are no gifts to buy ahead of time, except maybe a nice bottle of wine or bouquet of flowers for the hosts on your way to your family celebration. You just gather, eat your favorite dishes that remind you of Grandma, enjoy each others company for the day, and then take leftovers home. Then as you heat them up in the microwave the next day (or in the middle of the night after heading out for doorbuster deals with your besties, also a tradition), you are thankful again. To prep for your celebration or as a reflection on the day and its meaning before shopping season overtakes us all, here are several lists of famous humorous and inspirational sayings about being grateful and humorous quips about this, the tastiest of holidays. As William Shakespeare wrote, Small cheer and great welcome makes a merry feast. On God and Heaven G.A. Johnston Ross If I have enjoyed the hospitality of the Host of this universe, Who daily spreads a table in my sight, surely I cannot do less than acknowledge my dependence. Jeremy Taylor God is pleased with no music from below so much as with the thanksgiving songs of relieved widows and supported orphans; of rejoicing, comforted, and thankful persons. Robert Casper Lintner Thanksgiving is nothing if not a glad and reverent lifting of the heart to God in honor and praise for His goodness. Izaak Walton God has two dwellings; one in heaven, and the other in a meek and thankful heart. John Baillie The very fact that a man is thankful implies someone to be thankful to. Johannes A. Gaertner To speak gratitude is courteous and pleasant, to enact gratitude is generous and noble, but to live gratitude is to touch Heaven. Garrison Keillor Thank you, God, for this good life and forgive us if we do not love it enough. On Gratitude and Giving Thanks Frank A. Clark If a fellow isnt thankful for what hes got, he isnt likely to be thankful for what hes going to get. Konrad von Gesner Best of all is it to preserve everything in a pure, still heart, and let there be for every pulse a  thanksgiving, and for every breath a song. Brother David Steindl-Rast Love wholeheartedly, be surprised,  give thanks  and praise†¦then you will discover the fullness of your life. Estonian Proverb Who does not thank for little will not thank for much. Melody Beattie   Gratitude makes sense of our past, brings peace for today, and creates a vision for tomorrow. W.J. Cameron   Thanksgiving, after all, is a word of action. Gerald Good If you want to turn your life around, try thankfulness. It will change your life mightily. Eugene Cloutier To know the value of generosity, it is necessary to have suffered from the cold indifference of others. Willie Nelson   When I started counting my blessings, my whole life turned around. William Ward   Feeling gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a present and not giving it. Charles E. Jefferson Gratitude is born in hearts that take time to count up past mercies. Donald Curtis   It is impossible to be negative while we are giving thanks. E.J. Conrad One distinguishing mark of an unregenerate man is ingratitude. Henry Clay Courtesies of a small and trivial character are the ones which strike deepest in the grateful and appreciating heart. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe If we meet someone who owes us thanks, we right away remember that. But how often do we meet someone to whom we owe thanks without remembering that? W.T. Purkiser Not what we say about our blessings, but how we use them, is the true measure of our thanksgiving. Charles Spurgeon Before you go out into the world, wash your face in the clear crystal of praise. Bury each yesterday in the fine linen and spices of thankfulness. Elbert Hubbard I would rather be able to appreciate things I cannot have than to have things I am not able to appreciate. Seneca Nothing is more honorable than a grateful heart. Phillips Brooks Stand up, on this Thanksgiving Day, stand upon your feet. Believe in man. Soberly and with clear eyes, believe in your own time and place. There is not, and there never has been a better time, or a better place to live in. E.P. Powell Thanksgiving Day is a jewel, to set in the hearts of honest men; but be careful that you do not take the day, and leave out the gratitude. Victor Hugo To give thanks in solitude is enough. Thanksgiving has wings and goes where it must go. Your prayer knows much more about it than you do. Frederick Keonig We tend to forget that happiness doesnt come as a result of getting something we dont have, but rather of recognizing and appreciating what we do have. Albert Pine What we do for ourselves dies with us. What we do for others and the world remains and is immortal. Charles Haddon Spurgeon You say, If I had a little more, I should be very satisfied. You make a mistake. If you are not content with what you have, you would not be satisfied if it were doubled. On Food and Humor Margaret Junkin Preston But see, in our open clearings, how golden the melons lie; Enrich them with sweets and spices, and give us the pumpkin pie! Irv Kupcine An optimist is a person who starts a new diet on Thanksgiving Day. Arnold Schwarzenegger I love Thanksgiving turkey...its the only time in Los Angeles that you see natural breasts. Kevin James Thanksgiving, man! Not a good day to be my pants. Erma Bombeck Thanksgiving dinners take 18 hours to prepare. They are consumed in 12 minutes. Half-times take 12 minutes. This is not a coincidence. Rita Rudner My mother is such a lousy cook that  Thanksgiving  at her house is a time of sorrow. Jon Stewart I celebrated Thanksgiving the old-fashioned way. I invited everyone in my neighborhood to my house, we had an enormous feast, and then I killed them and took their land. History Samuel Adams, First Official Thanksgiving Proclamation It is therefore recommended...to set apart Thursday the 18th day of December next, for solemn thanksgiving and praise, that with one heart and one voice the good people may express the grateful feelings of their hearts and consecrate themselves to the service of their divine benefactor. H.U. Westermayer The Pilgrims made seven times more graves than huts. No Americans have been more impoverished than these who, nevertheless, set aside a day of thanksgiving. Alexander Pope Our rural ancestors, with little blest, Patient of  labour  when the end was rest, Indulged the day that housed their annual grain, With feasts, and  offrings, and a thankful strain. Ellen Orleans I have strong doubts that the first Thanksgiving even remotely resembled the history I was told in second grade. But considering that [when it comes to holidays] mainstream Americas traditions tend to be overeating, shopping, or getting drunk, I suppose its a miracle that the concept of giving thanks even surfaces at all.

Compare And Contrasting Famas Articles - 1148 Words

Comparing and contrasting Fama’s articles (1971, 1990), this work will critically assess the development of EMH during the 1970 to 1991 period. Firstly, it provides the reader to a short introduction to the EMH and to comparison the major changes between two articles. Thereafter, the main focus will be concentrated on second article and its critical evaluation of results obtained. The main purpose of the capital market is to provide the investors with accurate signals for resource allocation. It is possible when market security prices do â€Å"fully reflect† available information providing the opportunity to make production-investment decisions. Such markets are also called the â€Å"efficient†. A precondition for this is that information and trading costs equal to 0. Moreover, the joint hypothesis problem is the main obstacle about market efficiency because it must be tested jointly with some asset pricing models. In article of 1971, Fama categorised market efficiency into three main forms. Weak form is based on the historical data of the stock prices. The semi-strong form tests how efficiently prices adapt to the publically available information. The third form is concerned whether any given market participants having monopolistic access to the creation of the stock prices. Final Draft – Return Predictability: In short, the new work rejects the old constant expected returns model that seems to perform well in the early work. It is rejected due to such findings as

First 48 vs. Cold Case Files Free Essays

First 48 vs. Cold Case Files There are many different types of murder shows. I have two that are my favorite shows to watch. We will write a custom essay sample on First 48 vs. Cold Case Files or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both are reality shows, because I lose interest quickly when it is not about things that are really happening. As you know the news never tells you everything about what happens. First 48 is the name of the first one. It focuses on the present murders and the detectives that work the crime scene. It is set in the first forty-eight hours after the crime has been committed. The second show, Cold Case Files is a show that focuses on old murder case, that have went on for years without being solved. They both deal in murders though differently. Both shows have the detectives, and they both give details the news would not release. My most favorite is the First 48 this show follows homicide detectives in real life investigations. The main idea behind naming the show First 48 is, after the first forty eight hours the chances of solving a murder are cut in half. First 48 focuses on the perpetrator of the crime, witnesses, the discovery of the bodies as it happens, and with real footage. With First 48 unfortunately not all the cases get solved by the end of the show. The show goes to the top police departments in the United States, such as Miami, Birmingham, Vegas, and Memphis just to name a few. The detectives show you how the case develops as the hours tick down. At the bottom of the screen the views are notified with a clock counting down. You get to see the arrest and the interrogation of the perpetrator as it happens. They also show the viewer interviews as they happen with the witness, families, and friends of the victim. Most of the crime on First 48 happens in bad neighborhoods, so sometimes the detectives run into obstacles because the witnesses are scared for their life. Occasionally in better neighborhoods witnesses are more willing to help detectives, and the case gets solved quickly. The viewer gets to see the pain, anger and loss from family and friends of the victim as if you were there. It can be hard to watch some of the cases because they are so sad to see such young people lose their lives to gang and drug violence. I remember an episode where there was a little girl that was nine years old and she was a witness to her parent murder. The offender walked into the house, and shot everyone in the house. There were four kids and two adults and the nine year was the only was the only survivor. It was so disturbing at the end to find out that it was her uncle that was the perpetrator. In contrast to First 48, Cold Case Files is about cases that have â€Å"gone coldâ€Å". A case that has gone cold is a case that has been unsolved for years. Cold Case Files also takes you through the investigation process, they do cases from everywhere in the United States. They use new technology and old-fashion police work to find the killers who think the hunt is off, but what they don’t know is that just because a case goes cold that doesn’t mean it is closed. The show takes you step by step to see-through the methods used to catch the murders. They investigate each piece of existing evidence, the witnesses, and all the old leads with modern technology. Cold Case Files also has interviews with the family, police officers, some from when the crime happened, and some from now about what happened then. They have interviews with the new detectives on the case that have solved the cases. It also does reenactments of the crimes, and some may be a little graphic for some people. I watched an episode where was a lady and her boyfriend who were in their back yard getting ready for a vacation. She left her ex-boyfriend because he was an abusive man. As they were gathering their belongings up, her ex snuck up on them and shot them both in the face at close range. Her boyfriend died on the scene, but she survived. Her ex was on the run for thirty years. This episode showed pictures of her face before, immediately after, and thirty years later after his conviction. The cold cases always get solved before the end of the show. The cases range from crimes of passion, murder for money, to serial murders. The narrator helps fill in gaps of information and helps to move the viewer along with the cases, his name is Bill Kurtis. The show was also nominated for prime time Emmy’s in 2004 and 2005. As you can see they are both great show with many similarities and big differences which I will go into detail for you now. First, both shows are about solving murders. Although, each does it in totally different ways, with the First 48 the crimes are murders that have happened in the last few years. Whereas, Cold Case Files, it is totally about cases that have gone cold for several years. They both have homicide detectives that solve and work the cases. Though in First 48 you get to know the detectives personally, with Cold Case Files they do not get personal with their detectives. With Cold Case Files they deal with murders around the United States. They have both been nominated for awards, and have wonderful narrators, such as Bill Kurtis for Cold Case Files. As you can see both First 4and Cold Case Files can easily catch a viewer attention because they are very suspenseful. On First 48 it really sad to me to know there are so many murders that happen from day to day. Whereas, for Cold Case Files it is remarkable how many murders go unsolved. See how long some murderers’ walk around free in our world not having to pay for their crimes, which they have committed. All of the things that are different and alike about First 48 and Cold Case Files are the reason I like them so much. How to cite First 48 vs. Cold Case Files, Papers

Deforestation of columbia Essay Example For Students

Deforestation of columbia Essay I have chosen deforestation of Colombia. Colombias forest account for approximately 49 percent. Colombias forests are the home of 55,000 plant species and 358 mammal species, 15 percent of the worlds primates. Currently, 1,000 plants species and 24 mammals species are threatened with extinction largely because of mass deforestation. Each year, a total of 1. 5 to 2.2 million acres is lost to deforestation. At this rate, Colombias woodlands will be depleted in 40 years. Already one-third of this countrys original forest lands have felled. Colombias Pacific region consists of lush rainforests and contains most of the countrys natural resources. Under Colombias ambitious plans to develop their economy, the area has become targeted for the extraction and exportation of natural resources on the last ten years. The scheme is known as Plan Pacifico. Under the plan, one hundred and sixty thousand hectares are destroyed each year for wood and paper or to make way for agro-industrial production of African palm. There has been a considerable drop in mangrove coverage with the installation of commercial shrimp farms, and massive sedimentation and mercury contamination in rivers has been caused by deforestation and uncontrolled mining. The forests are also inhabited by Colombias ingenious and much of its black population who secure their live hoods through sustainable means. They started to erode the social and economic structures of these communities. They started to abuse drugs and hurt people of the country. Crime, alcoholism and domestic violence has sharply increased in recent years. I think they should not cut the trees on the forest and gave up the Plan Pacifico. I think the people of Colombia should take care of their forest because they own it. .