Anne Bradstreet’s Prolougue and Contemplation

Thomas Dudley, took great importance in seeing that she received superior education to that of most women as he would befit It. As such, one can Infer that Anne Broadsheet had some type of grudge to the male dominant society she grew on. Her writing malignant hidden meaning In which casual readers would see the surface intentions of her poems and not offend any male readers.However, inside her humble lyrics one can objectify flowing amounts of sarcasm, irony and active intensity towards male to female prejudice. This humble yet sarcastic tone can be seen in the poem as an indirect attack pointed towards the male world. These ironic intentions can be seen In the first stanza of Anne Breadbasket's' â€Å"The Prologue† where she states that her work Is simple and that she leaves historical recordings to others who have more skill, â€Å"To sing of wars, of captains, and of kings / Of cities founded, commonwealths begun For my mean pen are to superior things.. 1-3). Nevertheless, Madam Broadsheet would compare her supposed unrefined style as a toe with artist like Gallinule Barras which she enjoyed reading as described in the second stanza of â€Å"The Prologue†: But when my wondering eyes and envious heart Great Barras sugared lines do but read offer, Fool I do grudge the Muses did not part ‘Twixt him and me that over fluent store; A barras can do what a Barras will But simple I according to my skill. † (7-12) In the first ten stanzas of â€Å"Contemplations† Anne Broadsheet shows her mastery of poetic language and stylistic devices. Mrs..Broadsheet praises the glory of God's work; Ewing nature, life and the place that man occupies. In the fourth stanza of Mrs.. Breadbasket's â€Å"Contemplation† one can notice such praise of the elements of the natural world, â€Å"Then higher on the glistening sun I gazed, / whose beams was shaded by the leafy tree; / The more I looked, the more I grew amazed, And softly said, â€Å"Wha t glory's like to thee? † †¦ (22-25). Therefore, whether Anne Broadsheet did or did not write poems like â€Å"The Prologue† or â€Å"Contemplation† to please her father; such point does not change how we read her poetry.Anne Broadsheet mastery of titlists techniques, multiple meanings and language use in poetry streamline the way readers can Indulge oneself In her lyrical work. Such complex style of poetry Is a testament of Anne Broadsheet skill as an artist to be viewed with the likes of Gallinule Barras, Wayne Franklin, among others. Work Cited Broadsheet, Anne. â€Å"Contemplation† The Norton Anthology: American Literature shorter 7th edition. De. Julia Redhead. New York: W. W Norton & Company, Inc. , 2008. 99-106. Print. De. Julia Redhead. New York: W. W Norton & Company, Inc. , 2008. 98-99. Print.

Does the Euro Crises prove that any of these member states: Greece, Ireland and Portugal should have not been allowed to join the euro?

Abstract The creation of the Eurozone following the Maastricht Treaty led to the region becoming one of the largest single currency areas in the world. However, at the heart of this project lay a series of inherent weaknesses. This paper discusses these weaknesses from the perspective of three countries: Ireland, Portugal and Greece. Each of these countries had their own particular economic and fiscal issues which would have exposed them to economic shock should the Eurozone experience a financial downturn. This was the case in 2008 when the US led financial crisis spread to Europe. This paper assesses that none of these countries were sufficiently prepared to join the Eurozone but also that they also possessed their own unique structural weaknesses which would perpetuate any financial crisis. It is for this reason that these three states would not have been allowed to join and also that they all sought bailouts in order to stop their domestic governments from bankruptcy. Introduction The development of the Eurozone represented a further attempt in the European Union to create increased economic and fiscal convergence and integration. The recent financial crisis has provided this new project with its first major test. This paper begins by reviewing the development and evolution of the Euro and the Eurozone. In doing so, it looks at the considered need for fiscal stabilisation at the international level. This section also highlights the various fiscal and economic mechanisms which were put in place prior to allowing any country to join the project. Subsequent to this the eligibility of three countries, Ireland, Portugal and Greece is considered. Here, the rationale for these countries joining, as well as reviewing the structure of their respective economies, is taken into consideration. Further to this, the question of whether these countries met the stabilising mechanisms prior to joining is assessed. This paper then highlights various other reasons why it may hav e been beneficial for them not to join the Eurozone. Finally, this paper reviews the recent meltdown in the Eurozone area and highlights that this event was precipitated by a structural weakness in both US as well as global financial markets which left these three countries exposed to debts sufficient for them to require bailouts and restructuring programmes which were indicative of shock therapy. This paper concludes that Ireland, Portugal and Greece should have been allowed to join the Eurozone since neither of these countries had met the eligibility criteria. In addition each of these states possessed their own structural weaknesses that ultimately would have exposed them to an economic downturn, regardless of the causation. Euro Evolution The Euro is the common currency which is used by the majority of member states of the European Union (EU). It originated in 1992 following the signing of the Maastricht Treaty which contained three aspects to combining and increasing EU governance. The Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), as a vehicle for economic integration and financial convergence, was first muted in the late 1970s as a vehicle for furthering economic integration (Civitas, 2013), and represented the latest international drive towards economic stability. Originally known as the European Monetary System, it was wound up in 1992 with the development of the ERM (Civitas, 2013). Progression towards the ERM included the creation of an independent central bank, which was mandated to achieving and maintaining price stability across the Eurozone space; a Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) which consisted of an intergovernmental agreement which was conjoined with the EU legal framework, the aim of which was to limit member state fiscal deficits; and a no co-responsibility (in layman terms, a no bail out clause) which was enshrined within Article 125 of the Treaty (Europa, 1992). These mechanisms were considered to be decent fiscal instruments for EU and Eurozone governance and, as a result, member states did not consider that it was important to coordinate their economic policies. This latter aspect was forwarded by powerful member states such as the UK, France and Germany, which did not consider that they would have any benefit from these policies. For them, any subsequent domestic policy changes were considered to have a detrimental impact upon their finances (Campaign against Euro Federalism, 2013). However, as a precursor to Euro membership, aspiring member states need to comply with a pre-set series of fiscal guidelines. EU Member states which join the Eurozone must meet a series of convergence criteria (European Commission, 2014). These criteria are based on a series of fiscal; mechanisms which are utilised to restructure the economies of member states in order that the transition to conversion to the Euro are based upon macroeconomic indicators which are used to measure The convergence criteria are formally defined as a set of macroeconomic indicators which measure stability of prices and inflationary pressures; sound and sustainability public finances which includes an imposed limit on government borrowing as well as national debt in order that member states avoid possessing an excessive national deficit (European Commission, 2014). However prior to this, aspiring member states need to conform to the exchange-rate stability mechanism, through which participation in the ERM takes place for at least two years prior to membership without there being any evidence of a strong deviations from the ERM cr iteria (European Commission, 2014). A further factor in the progression towards joining the Eurozone for any aspirant state is an assessment of long-term interest rates. Indeed this latter criterion was a mitigating factor in the UK’s failure to adhere to ERM controls in the early 1990s (Civitas, 2013). More recently the Eurozone has been engulfed in a global financial crisis which began in the USA and spread to Europe via Iceland (this is discussed in greater detail later in the paper). The fallout from this particular crisis is yet to fully land. However, the Eurozone has progressed through a series of crises since the idea was first muted in the later 1970s and, more recently, via the sovereign debt crises of recent years. It is evident that the Eurozone is not an exact science and that there exist a number of structural issues at the heart of this project. Economic and Political Reasons for the Three joining the Euro The aforementioned group of PIGS (Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain) joined the Euro at its inception. This section discusses three of these states, Ireland, Greece and Portugal. Bardhan, Edelstein and Kroll (2011) noted that Ireland benefitted from a number from Eurozone membership. Additionally, it is noted that the period of economic convergence provided the country with an array of stabilising fiscal factors which led to the country becoming known as tiger economy (Bardhan, Edelstein and Kroll, 2011; BBC, 2011) but in 2008 the country was the first Eurozone country to fall in to recession (BBC, 2011). However this outcome was the end of a dream which, for Arestic and Sawyer (2012), was based upon a political aspiration of economic success as well as personal and national prosperity for the Irish population. Greece joined the Eurozone in 2001 (BBC, 2001). EU membership was previously extremely popular in Greece and its populace had experienced tough austerity measures in order to comply with the economic and fiscal mechanisms which were needed to ensure a successful transition to the new currency. Similarly, there was a political determination to join the new currency since it was seen that progression would provide increased international scope for the country (BBC, 2001). Lynn (2011) argues that the historic role, in terms of political development, of Greece was a contributory factor in the national rush to join the Eurozone and considered that this outcome was to be achieved at all costs. Schadler (2005) suggests that the at all costs caveat was provided by the austerity measures and the near compliance with pre-set regulatory fiscal criteria which ensured membership of this exclusive group. In effect, whilst Ireland had hoped for increased economic wealth and prosperity, Greek aspira tions largely concentrated upon gaining increased international respect and recognition. With regards to Portugal, it is noted that this country did not join the EU space until 1986 and, effectively, was a late comer to this political institution. This is of particular importance to its membership of the Eurozone since wholesale economic change first began thirteen years later as a precursor to Eurozone membership in 2002 (Porter and Prince, 2012). Porter and Prince (2012) argue that the country’s membership of the Euro came at the behest of a political leadership that had a largely uneventful foreign policy. They link the convergence with EU policies such as membership with the Eurozone with the decreasing influence within its former colonies (Porter and Prince, 2012). This includes the return of former territories to China during the same period as the shift in focus towards its near neighbourhood was taking place. To summarise, it can be evidenced that there were numerous reasons why Ireland, Greece and Portugal joined the Eurozone. These include increased pros perity and wealth as well as increased political clout and international recognition. Was the Convergence Criteria met by the Three? It is of particular concern that Ireland, Greece and Portugal required mass fiscal stimuli packages and bailouts in order to shore up their economies and protect the respective states from going bust. A central factor in this outcome, it can be argued is a failure of these three states to adhere to the fiscal criteria that membership of the Eurozone required in order to provide a secure transition to the new currency. As stated previously, aspirant Eurozone states were required to attain to a number of preset economic and fiscal controls which would have indicated their capabilities and successful transition to the Eurozone. Maduro (2012) holds a perspective which states that structural failings within the ERM, as well as the wider EU, failed to address the excessive cross-border flow of capital which was a contributory factor in the subsequent economic crisis. Mauro also highlights that a particular failure of the EU to implement the then existing rules relating to EU budgetary frameworks also impacted upon states abilities to progress to the Eurozone successfully. For Maduro (2012) this particular outcome was important to the success of the Greek model, as well as its subsequent economic crash, since it revealed that both the local and supra national system for monitoring public finances was not working as effectively as it should have. It is noted that Greek economic perfor mances were outside of the considered ERM requirements and that from 2000 to 2008, the budget deficit given to the European Commission was nearly three per cent of the country’s GDP. In 2001, it is also noted that Greece was warned by the European Central Bank ECB, that the country still work to do to if it was going to successfully be adpted into the Eurozone. This included developing the structure of its economy and bringing inflation under control (BBC, 2001). Nevertheless Greece did join the Eurozone despite having a series of noted failings within its central fiscal requirements. Bardhan, Edelstein, and Kroll, (2011) note that the Irish economy had been inflated by a large housing bubble. This helped inflate the Irish economy to a status of having near full employment by the turn of the century (Bardhan, Edelstein, and Kroll, 2011). However a party to this success proved to be the Irish commitment to the controls which had been placed upon it by the ERM. Regling and Watson (2010) argue that a failure of the ERM structure had a detrimental impact upon the Irish economy since the loss of fiscal independence was a mitigating factor on both the creation of the bubble as well as the failure of the Irish government to combat increasing inflationary, and other fiscal pressures. Regling and Watson (2010) blame this outcome on the structure of the ERM and highlight that a small nation requires having, as full as possible, fiscal controls. Portuguese compliance with ERM criteria provided a greater economic stimulus that had first been thought was possible (Constancio, 2005). This produced a similar outcome to the Irish economic experience of the ERM and realised a booming Portuguese economy. Constancio, (2005) also notes that subsequent pay increases outstripped inflationary pressures and this outcome provide to be decisive in the battle to retain control of this area of fiscal policy, particularly where an economic downturn would result in the possibility of rampant inflation. These outcomes, Constancio (2005) argued led to pay increases in Portugal outstripping their EU partners. Essentially this outcome was borne of the structural failings discussed earlier into this paper and were only exposed when these state were impacted by the financial crisis. In terms of the Eurozone qualifying criteria, it is to be noted that none of these three countries met the criteria for joining the Eurozone. Ireland, Portugal and Greec e, therefore were in good company and were aligned to the German, Spanish, Austrian et al experiences of convergence criteria which all failed to meet qualifying critiera. Indeed, , of all the member states only two, France and Luxembourg, were the only countries to satisfy all the convergence criteria (Arestis, Brown, Sawyer, 2001). Any other Reason why any of the Three should have not Joined the Euro The earlier discussions as to the reasons why these three states, Ireland, Portugal and Greece joined the Eurozone produced divergent responses and listed from economic reasons to political vanity and reshaping of foreign policy. These issues alone are not sufficient to realise the potential pitfalls should they experience an economic downturn, as was the case in 2008 onwards. Arestis and Sawyer (2012) noted that in the case of Greece the risks far outweighed the benefits. They compared Greece with Austria and recognised that both economic models were similar apart from Greece having a far lower wage economy that Austria. Austria, therefore, was capable of resisting economic shock. Had the Greek government recognised this potential risk then it is recognised that it would not have been in their benefit to join this monetary union. With regards to Portugal and Ireland, Constancio (2005) argues that these economies had not resolved the structural issues of boom and bust. AS a result ec onomic recession was a highly probable outcome in the event of an economic bust. In essence, therefore for reasons of due diligence it is arguable that neither of these staes should have joined the Eurozone. One other potential reason for not joining the Eurozone is the philosophical argument of losing sovereignty. After the ERM had its first crisis in the early 1990s, Palm (1996) noted that the loss of state sovereignty also meant the loss of fiscal control. Whilst this particular issue is discussed elsewhere in this paper, Palm (1996) specifically discussed the loss of fiscal control in terms of an absence of asymmetric county-specific economic shock which, he argued, would be a thing of the past. Instead Palm (1996) stated that it is entirely feasible that or counterbalancing methods would be needed in order to stop economic contagion since all member states would be affected in one way or another. With hindsight Palm (1996) is discussing the response to the Eurozone crisis of 2008 to the present day. It is unfortunate, therefore, that the three countries were unable to consider due diligence when considering their membership of the Eurozone. Had they have done so they would have r ecognised the exposure to the potential banking failures and acted accordingly. Euro crises The recent fiscal crisis in the Eurozone has highlighted that it is exposed to the international financial climate. The recent fiscal crisis began in earnest in the USA with a series of regulatory changes to the US banking system in the early 2000’s (Jickling, 2012). The collapse of US subprime lending facilities impacted on Europe, firstly in Iceland where its ballooning financial sector had been exposed to the debt crisis in the USA (Lewis, 2009), and latterly on other Eurozone member states which had been exposed to large banking debts and bad practices . This has included Cyprus and the PIGS group of nations, Portugal, Ireland, Greece and Spain. The latest crisis occurred in Cyprus where experiences there were in line with similar financial and economic failings within the Eurozone space. In each case, it can be evidenced that a number of structural failings as well as an inordinate exposure to risk have been causal factors in their particular fina ncial collapses Menendez, 2013). Indeed, Iceland subsequently possessed a national debt which was ten times its national GDP (Glitner, Landbanksi and Kaupthing, 2009). Jickling (2012) Argues that the underlying causal factors of the recent crisis in both the USA and in the Eurozone were structural and that, as a result, it can be evidenced that there were four factors which needed to be addressed. These factors are: imprudent mortgage lending, bursting of housing bubbles, the structural imbalance of global debt as well as issues relating to securitization (Jickling, 2012). Menendez (2013) notes that following the financial crisis the three countries, Ireland, Portugal and Greece were impacted further when they were faced within increased demand for higher interest rates on borrowing as well as reduced fees from issued bonds. This particular outcome also impacted upon the three mechanisms which were available to these countries (renegotiation, bond issues and monetization) when attempting to relieve themselves of the economic and fiscal burdens (Menendez, 2013). The resultant outcome was that the reform processes which they were able to utilise led to reform of their respective public sectors. Prior to this, Klein (2007) had argued that such an outcome would be indicative of the new model of international crisis management. Indeed with subsequent remedies for filling the vacuum caused by financial shortfalls becoming more autocratic and oppressive it is arguable as to whether the EU space witnessed for the first time a Bolivian style response to a financial crisis (Klein, 2007). Janssen (2011) argues that one possible solution could have been that the Euro is devalued however this would not have been beneficial to Germany since its economy is export driven. As such, the political shenanigans which led to the creation of the Eurozone, and which failed to realise the preset criteria for the vast majority of countries has continued to perpetuate the structural issues that reside at the heart of this institution. For Ireland, Portugal and Greece, however, the economic and fiscal issues remain. Conclusion In conclusion, the creation of the Eurozone has been some thirty years in the making and has been considered as a regional attempt at satisfying the need for a cross border fiscal control system. The ERM was developed in order to progress this ideal but failed to address a number of structural issues that resided within the international monetary system. As a party to this, the resultant exposure of the UK to fiscal issues resulted in this country leaving the ERM some twenty years ago. Since this time the project has developed and went live with a number of nations converting their currency to the Euro. As such the Eurozone was created. However the qualifying criteria of the Eurozone was not met by all but two countries and the subsequent exposure to the US banking crisis by Eurozone members left a number of them in need of financial bailout packages. This included Ireland, Portugal and Greece. These three countries were heavily exposed to this crisis as a result of their own structu ral issues which included booming economies and exposure to a credit bubble. When these bubbles burst, the Eurozone project was in crisis and, today, a number of issues remain unresolved. This includes how to restructure the economies of states that reside within the Eurozone. However as a result of the exposure of these three countries to the recent crisis, the failure to restructure their economies prior to joining, as well as their failure to adhere to all the preset compliances evidences that they should not have been allowed to join in the first place. This issue aside, with only France and Luxembourg satisfying the qualifying criteria the question of whether any other state should have been allowed to join remains a matter of debate. In conclusion, the Eurozone crisis which engulfed these three countries typifies the weakened global fiscal structure which led to the crisis in the first place. Bibliography Arestis, P., Brown, A., Sawyer, M. (2001) The Euro: Evolution and Prospects, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Arestis, P., and Sawyer, M. (2012) The Euro Crisis, London: Palgrave McMillan. and Institutions, London: John Wiley & Sons. BBC (2001) Greece joins the Eurozone, (online), available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1095783.stm, (accessed on 29/10/14). BBC (2011), Europe’s PIGS: Country by country, (online), available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8510603.stm, (accessed on 29/10/14). Campaign against Euro Federalism (2013) What is to Happen?, London: Campaign against Euro Federalism. Civitas (2013) European Monetary System, London: Civitas. Constancio, V. (2005) European Monetary Union and the Portuguese Case, (online), available at http://www.bportugal.pt/en-US/OBancoeoEurosistema/IntervencoesPublicas/Lists/LinksLitsItemFolder/Attachments/9/interv20050727.pdf, (Accessed on 29/10/14). Europa (1992) Treaty of Maastricht on European Union, (online), available at http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/institutional_affairs/treaties/treaties_maastricht_en.htm, (accessed on 28/10/14). European Commission (2014) Who can Join and When, (online), available at http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/adoption/who_can_join/index_en.htm, (accessed on 28/10/14). Glitner, Landbanksi and Kaupthing (2009) Joint Quarterly Report, Reykjavik: Glitner, Landbanksi and Kaupthing. Jickling,M. (2012) CausesoftheFinancialCrisis,(WashingtonDC:CongressionalResearchService). Klein,N.(2007)ShockDoctrine,Toronto: KnopfCanada. Lewis,M.(2009)WallStreetonthetundra,(online),availableathttp://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/04/iceland200904?printable=true¤tPage=all, Vanity Fair, (accessedon28/10/14). Lynn, M. (2011) Bust: Greece, the Euro and the Sovereign Debt Crisis, London: John Wiley and Sons. Maduro,M.P.(2012)Democracy and Justice: The formula for a new EU and Euro governance, (online)availableathttp://network.globalgovernanceprogramme.eu/democracy-and-justice/, Network, (accessedon29/10/14). Menendez,L.(2013)TheSpreadoftheEuropeanSovereignDebtCrisis,University ofIowa:CentreforInternationalFinanceandDevelopment. Palm, F. (1996) The European Exchange Rate Mechanism and The European Monetary Union, (J), De Economist, Vol. 144, (2), pp. 305 – 324. Porter, D., and Prince, D. (2012) Frommer’s Portugal, London: John Wiley and Sons. Regling, K., and Watson, M. (2010) A Preliminary Report on the Sources of Ireland’s Banking Crisis, Dublin: Ministry of Finance. Schadler, S. (2005) Euro Adoption in Central and Eastern Europe: Opportunities and Challenges, New York: International Monetary Fund.

A Research Article Written By Richard Hartshorne And...

In a research article written by Richard Hartshorne and Jennifer Baucom (2007), entitled, â€Å"Issues Affecting Cross-Cultural Adaptation of International Graduate Students Richard,† published at the Multicultural Learning and Teaching Journal, the issues or challenges that international graduate students related to cross-cultural adaption were investigated. The main idea of the study was that international students need to cope and adjust themselves to a new culture in order to make their learning experiences more meaningful, and in order to achieve this some barriers must be overcome. The main purpose of the study, therefore, was to recognize the diverse barriers that face the international students and then propose ways of overcoming these barriers efficiently. In a much broader sense, the objectives of the study are two-fold: to identify and understand the barriers for inter-cultural adaptation and then provide recommendations on how to lessen or overcome such barriers wi th the different stakeholders in mind. The revealed that such barriers are a result in differences in the international students’ home culture and the new or host culture, the differences in learning environments, and personal uniqueness or the â€Å"self.† Nevertheless, there are also similarities among these four factors. The authors noted that the similarities can be improved and the barriers can be minimized if some initiatives are to be taken. The authors were able to give five initiatives: give them time toShow MoreRelatedA Research Article Written By Richard Hartshorne And Jennifer Baucom1188 Words   |  5 PagesSummary In a research article written by Richard Hartshorne and Jennifer Baucom (2007), entitled, â€Å"Issues Affecting Cross-Cultural Adaptation of International Graduate Students Richard,† published at the Multicultural Learning and Teaching Journal, the issues or challenges that international graduate students related to cross-cultural adaption were investigated. The main idea of the study was that international students need to cope and adjust themselves to a new culture in order to make their learning

The Terrible Trade Of The Slave Trade - 2324 Words

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Until, the middle passage emerged, also known as the Slave Trade. Africans were taken through a devastating ride through history in the making. Africans were kidnapped out of nowhere by the â€Å"white men†. The British, the Europeans, the Caucasian all took part of this â€Å"middle passage era†. Africans were taken two by two, and singled file up the docks of the slave ships. Frozen in shock could not even compare what the feelings, and the thoughts of the AfricansRead MoreSocial Studies Coursework868 Words   |  4 Pages Africans became slaves in several ways. Describe three (3) ways in which Africans became slaves. [10 marks] Answer Slavery is the state of being under the control of another person and is a form of forced labor in which people are considered to be, or treated as the property of others. As Source B says, slavery existed in West Africa before the Europeans went there. Black People were the slaves of other black people. Before that time in Europe

Humorous Analysis Of The Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar...

Ironic Revenge in â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most recognized and praised fiction writers in world literature. Not only does he masterfully create the atmosphere of suspense and danger in his short stories, he also builds up a sophisticated blend of horror and elegant irony that haunts the reader and reveals the complexity of Poe’s literary talent. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is a perfect example of such combination. In this twisted short story of revenge, Poe puts an emphasis on the ironic tone in order to highlight the relationship between Montresor and his victim Fortunato and reveal the evil nature of Montresor’s desire for cruel vengeance. The plot of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† is fairly†¦show more content†¦Such a sharp contrast between the atmosphere of happiness and the growing tension between the characters comprises Poe’s ironic tone in the story. The dialogues between the two men and the opposition of their characters as well reveal the leitmotif of irony throughout the story. Montresor offers various hints and observations with a hidden meaning to his victim, and Fortunato’s ignorant reaction to them creates the impression of innocent mockery that only adds to the tension between the antagonists. The heraldic emblem of Montresor’s family presents the central object of irony in the conversation between the men (Stepp 447). For instance, when Montresor refers to his to his family heritage, Fortunato does not understand his enemy’s implication behind the family motto: â€Å"– And the motto? – Nemo me impune lacessit. – Good!† he said. (Poe 164) The men’s further discussion of Masons also bears an ironic context when Montresor shows his trowel as a proof of his Mason membership. This pun as well hints at Montresor’s intention to bury Fortunato inside the vaults. Nevertheless, the victim stays oblivious to the plans of his murderer. It is worth mentioning that even Fortunato’s name, translated as â€Å"lucky† or â€Å"fortunate† underlines his tragic destiny and contributes toShow MoreRelatedEdgar Allan Poe s The Cask Of Amontillado1232 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the text â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe, some sources will be used to support the thesis statement, which is â€Å"The author uses irony in the text to illustrate the murder of Fortunado by Montresor, who seeks salvation through death†. Also, there is going to be an analysis on the irony found in the text in relation with the story. To support this thesis, I am going to use some examples from some s ources such as â€Å"Literary analysis: Irony in The Cask of Amontillado by Amelia TibbettRead MoreThe Cask of Amontialldo1026 Words   |  5 PagesNever Have Too Much Pride The insult had been done, and Montresor was out for revenge on Fortunato. Not a soul but Montresor knew what the insult may have been, but this is what makes the short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allan Poe. The story is about a man, Montresor, who receives a wine that Fortunato, the wine expert, is looking for. During a carnival, Montresor persuades Fortunato to take him to his personal wine cellars, located in the catacombs. Fortunato became impaired, MontresorRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†

The Tragic Lives Of Michael Corleone And John The Savage Though The E Essay Example For Students

The Tragic Lives Of Michael Corleone And John The Savage: Though The E Essay yes Of Joseph CampbellBrendan Tyo10/8/01People in literature, theater, and real life can all be viewed as tragic heroes. In order to fully understand this effect, one must observe what a man named Joseph Campbell calls the hero circle. This circle consists of specific significant stops in the heros journey. John the Savage of Aldous Huxleys Brave New World and Michael Corleone of The Godfather, both fit into Mr. Campbells model of a heroic journey. John and Michael Corleone share similar heroic lives at their special births, small battles, and boon stages of their journeys. Both John and Corleone are born with a certain kind of power as a result of their detachment from the world that they can never fully know. John has a certain unique kind of power as son of the Director of the very society that alienates him. John shows his surprise when he discovers the truth about his father, He came in at once . . . fell on his knees in front of the Director, and said in a clear voice: My father (Huxley 151). The combination of the Director as his father and his birth as a member of the savage community spark Johns detachment from the London society. Corleones desire to break away from the familys crime business is always overcome by his birth into it. On J. Geoff Maltas The Godfather internet fan page, Corleone is quoted as saying, Just when I thought I was out, they pull me back in (Malta 3). This illustrates the merciless undertow of the familys organized crime business. Corleones birth into the family continues to plague him until the very end of his journey. Both John and Corleones births served as starting points for their tragic stories. While Johns lack of choice of destiny detaches him from the London society, Corleones lack of desire and passion for his occupation alienates him from the society of the family business. Though Corleone is discontent with the concrete outcomes of his birth, John is also an outsider as a result of his own. While John and Corleone both had similar births, they also faced comparable small battles in their journeys. John and Corleone both face the death of family members as tests or small battles in their journeys. John deals with the painful loss of his mother when Linda passes away. Huxley illustrates Johns devastation in Chapter 14, Quick, quick! He caught her by the sleeve, dragged her after him. Quick! Somethings happened. Ive killed her. . . . The Savage stood for a moment in frozen silence, then fell on his knees beside the bed and, covering his face with his hands, sobbed uncontrollably (Huxley 206). Johns actions show how traumatic Lindas death is to him, challenging him to continue his life as a tragic hero. Corleone faces the near death of his loving father after an assassination attempt. A scene analysis of The Godfather describes Corleones tragedy and what followed, When his father is shot though, Michael takes revenge on the people who did it and becomes part of the Mafia lifestyle. When his older brother is murdered, Michael ascends to become the boss of the family, and proves to be more ruthless than his father and brother combined (Glass 1). Corleones experiences challenge him to make a difficult choice between reason and revenge. Both John and Corleones encounters with death serve as catalysts in becoming tragic heroes. The heroes find death testing their love and loyalty to their families. Also, each of them go through small, but difficult battles to recover from their losses including emotional breakdown for John and uncontrollable aggression for Corleone. Though John and Corleone deal with like obstacles, they also both meet similar ends to their heroic lives. .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 , .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 .postImageUrl , .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 , .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271:hover , .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271:visited , .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271:active { border:0!important; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271:active , .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271 .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6428efc48597fd01569ea55e1b870271:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Holocaust: Number The Stars EssayIn the end of each of John and Corleones journeys, death functions as their boons. Johns death is the only way he can get away from the society that plagued him. Huxley describes Johns end: That evening the swarm of helicopters that came buzzing across the Hogs Back . . . Savage! called the first arrivals, as they alighted from their machine. Mr. Savage! (Huxley 259). This portrays Johns inability to break away from the perverse sheepish members of the London society. To Corleone, death seems like the only return to legitimacy and sanity that he can obtain. J. Geoff Maltas internet fan page of The Godfather quotes Corleone describing th e sins that haunt him: I betrayed my wife. I betrayed myself. I killed men and I ordered men to be killed. Ah, its useless I killed I ordered the death of my brother. He injured me. I killed my mothers son. I killed my fathers son (Malta 2). When he says this, he is old and struggling to find some shred of validity in a world of crime. The way he expresses his actions suggests that he will never find a way to cut away from his life as a barbaric Mafioso. Both John and Corleones deaths act as their only form of escape they can find. They are too fed up with the tedious and painful lives of alienation and invalidity that they lead. They also both can not find any sort of rational distraction that can take their minds from the pain of their tragic lives. While Johns death is different from Corleones in that Corleone did not commit suicide, they are similar due to the fact that they serve as an escape for each of them. Although John the Savage and Michael Corleone take different paths in their journeys, they have few differences in the nature of their births, battles, and boons. Each was born with a similar kind of power. They both face death in the family. Lastly, the only way that they can achieve true peace is through their own deaths. As Joseph Campbell asserted, all tragic heroes follow a set course. John the Savage and Michael Corleone are no different; the actions that make their roles so similar are those that ultimately lead to their demise. Cinema and Television

Wwii Essay Research Paper At first the free essay sample

Wwii Essay, Research Paper At foremost the intelligence officers at the central office of the Gallic Foreign Legion in Sidi Bel Abb s, Algeria, were puzzled. The Legion had ever had a big complement of Germans in its ranks, but now, in malice of the Nazis # 8217 ; widespread run to deter Germans from enlisting, even larger Numberss were pouring in. In the late thirtiess, as more and more immature Germans were fall ining that celebrated contending force, the German imperativeness was violently assailing it, and the Nazi authorities demanded that enrolling be stopped. Books about the Legion were publically burned in Germany, and the force against Legion enrolling reached amusing highs when Propaganda Minister Josef Goebbels # 8217 ; section claimed that guiltless immature Germans were being hypnotized into fall ining. In 1938, a professional hypnotizer named Albert Zagula was really arrested in Karlsruhe and charged with the discourtesy. Still the Germans kept fall ining # 8211 ; until half the genitalias and 80 per centum of the noncommissioned officers in the Legion were German. We will write a custom essay sample on Wwii Essay Research Paper At first the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Finally, it became apparent that this inflow had been orchestrated by German intelligence, the Abwehr, to destruct the Host from within. The new German Legionnaires came near to accomplishing the Abwehr # 8217 ; s aim. The Gallic Foreign Legion had ever attracted the dispossessed of every land, and in the 1930s there were plentifulness of refugees throughout Europe. First there were Spaniards, the also-rans in that state # 8217 ; s civil war ; so there were the Jews and others flying Nazi persecution ; subsequently, Czechs and Poles were added to the list as the German ground forces began its March across Europe. These recruits did non blend good with the new Germans in the Legion. The German noncommissioned officers terrorized the non-Germans under their charge. There were frequent battles and courts-martial. The officers could non swear their ain noncommissioned officers. Morale in the Legion plummeted, and there was even some talk of disbanding the full corps. When war was declared in 1939, the state of affairs was critical. To ease the job, big Numberss of German Legionnaires were shipped away to abandon outstations, and the ranks were filled with extra non-German refugees. But the Gallic governments still thought that there were excessively many Germans in the ranks, many perchance loyal Nazis, to put on the line directing the Legion to contend in Europe. Alternatively, four more foreign regiments were raised in France and trained by veteran Legion officers from North Africa. These Legionnaires garrisoned the Maginot Line, the twine of concrete fortresses that the Gallic had built as their chief defence against Germany. There, they remained inactive during the alleged # 8220 ; bogus war, # 8221 ; when neither the Allies nor the Germans took any serious violative action. In malice of the general reluctance to direct full Legion units to France, the Gallic governments decided that something had to be done with those loyal elements of the Legion that were still taging clip in North Africa and rubing for a battle. In early 1940, the old Host was given an active function. Volunteers were called for, and two battalions of 1,000 work forces each were assembled # 8211 ; one in Fez, Morocco, and the other in Sidi Bel Abb s. Volunteers for those units were carefully screened, and the lone Germans left them were seasoned Legionnaires of undisputed trueness. Those work forces were given new non-German names and false individuality documents to protect them in instance they were captured by the Germans. The two battalions were joined into the 13th Demi-Brigade ( 13e Demi-Brigade de la Legion Etrangere ) and put under the bid of Lt. Col. Magrin-Verneret, one of those military flakes who so frequently turned up in the Foreign Legion, a hard-boiled alumnus of St. Cyr and a veteran of World War I. As a consequence of lesions received in World War I, he had physical disablements that should long since have disqualified him from service. Severe caput lesions had been crudely operated on and left him with a awful pique, and surgery on a besotted limb had shortened one leg, doing a noticeable hitch. But he was a combatant, and that was all the Legion wanted. When the 13th Demi-Brigade arrived in France, the always-blas Legionnaires showed no surprise when they were issued a unusual new type of unvarying # 8211 ; and skis. Those veterans of the desert littorals were being trained to contend in Arctic snows and outfitted as mountain military personnels with heavy windbreaker, boots and snow nesss. They were bound for Finland, where the Allies were helping the Finns in their battle against the incursive Soviets, who were at that clip in conference with the Germans. But before the Legion left France, the Finns bowed to the overpowering power of the Soviets and accepted the enemy # 8217 ; s footings. The war in Finland was over. But there was another battle. Winston Churchill, so Britain # 8217 ; s first Godhead of the Admiralty, had urged the excavation of the Waterss around impersonal Norway, where the German naval forces was escorting convoys of Fe ore shipped from impersonal Sweden to provide the German war machine. At the same clip, Adolf Hitler had decided that the Germans must prehend Norway, non merely to protect the ore cargos but as a naval base for surface plunderers and Submarines. Soon ferocious sea conflicts raged between the Royal Navy and the Kreigsmarine, and at sea the British had the upper manus. Strong British land forces were besides shipped to Norway, but the Germans invaded the state. By April 1940, the Germans had occupied all of the chief Norse West seashore ports # 8211 ; from Narvik in the North to Kristiansand in the South and around the tip of the peninsula to Oslo, the capital. British and Norse forces fought hard, but without success. The British were ordered to evacuate Norway. The Allies had one more card to play. Although they had to abandon southern Norway, the Allies would try to wrest the northern port of Narvik from the Germans to forestall ore cargo. An amphibian assault was planned under the overall bid of British Lt. Gen. Claude Auchinleck, with the protective guns of the Royal Navy and utilizing chiefly Gallic and Polish military personnels. A cardinal portion of this force would be the 13th Demi-Brigade. When his subsidiaries asked why the 13th Demi-Brigade was traveling to Norway, Magrin-Verneret # 8217 ; s oft-quoted answer was typical of the Legionnaires # 8217 ; ours-is-not-to-reason-why attitude. # 8220 ; Why? My orders are to take Narvik. Why Narvik? For the Fe ore, for the anchovies, for the Norwegians? I haven # 8217 ; t the faintest idea. # 8221 ; The 13th Demi-Brigade was portion of a undertaking force called the 1st Light Division, which was commanded by Gallic General Marie Emile B thouart. The force besides included units of the Gallic 27th Chasseurs Alpins and the Polish 1st C arpathian Demi-Brigade, a mountain corps made up of refugees from conquered Poland. There were besides many Norse units in the country still able to contend. The program was to sail up the series of fiords that led to the port of Narvik under the protection of the Royal Navy, which still controlled the Norse Sea. The 13th Demi-Brigade was to strike straight at Narvik, with its wings guarded by the Gallic and Polish mountain military personnels and the Norwegians. Opposing the Legionnaires was the German fort under General Edouard Dietl, reinforced by the 137th Gebirgsjager regiment, a seasoned mountain unit hurriedly drilled as paratroopers and dropped into the snow-clad hills. These tough, well-trained mountain military personnels were as proud of their edelweiss insignia as the Legion was of its seven-flamed grenade. They would be difficult to check. Before the 13th Demi-Brigade could assail Narvik itself, the nearby small town of Bjerkvik had to be taken, for the high land behind it dominated the strategic port. On May 13, the 13th Demi-Brigade was landed on the Bjerkvik beaches. At midnight, the large guns of the British battlewagon Resolution, the patrol cars Effingham and Vindictive and five destroyers opened up on the German guardians. Shortly thenceforth, the progress military personnels hit the beaches in foot and armored combat vehicle landing trade. It was the first clip in the war that such combined operations took topographic point in the face of enemy fire. The German reaction was terrible. At first visible radiation, the Luftwaffe came out, bombing and strafing the ships and beaches. The Legion pushed on in the face of heavy weapon and small-arms fire. Colonel Magrin-Verneret waded ashore, promoting his Legionnaires frontward. For a piece it was touch and travel. Captain Dmitri Amilakvari, a 16-year Legion veteran who was to take a key hill, was held up by ferocious German fire. Then, shouting # 8220 ; A moi La Legion! # 8221 ; ( the Legion # 8217 ; s traditional version of # 8220 ; follow me # 8221 ; ) to his work forces, he charged up the incline. The Germans fell back before the savageness of the onslaught, and the hill was taken. Amilakvari pushed on to Elvenes where he met up with the Chasseurs Alpins on his wing. Bjerkvik, now a smoke ruin, and the surrounding mountains fell to the Gallic. Then the Legion turned its attending to Narvik itself. In a repetition of the Bjerkvik onslaught, the port was bombarded from the sea while Allied military personnels poured over the surrounding mountains. Once once more the Luftwaffe appeared and bombed the assailing war vessels, but Royal Air Force Hawker Hurricane combatants arrived on the scene in the dent of clip and cleared the sky of German aircraft. On May 28, the 13th Demi-Brigade marched into Narvik and found the town deserted. The Germans had fled. For the following few yearss, the Legionnaires pursued the retreating enemy through the snow-clad mountains toward the Swedish boundary line in sub-zero temperatures. Their purpose was to capture Dietl and what was left of his military personnels or coerce them over the boundary line into Swedish internment. They were merely 10 stat mis from Sweden when they were ordered to return to France. A few hebdomads before the Germans had begun their invasion of the Low Countries, and the # 8220 ; phony war # 8221 ; was over. All the military personnels and equipment in Norway were needed in the defence of France. The 13th Demi-Brigade embarked for Brest happy with its triumph, the first Allied success of the war, but disgusted that it had non been permitted to complete the occupation. Meanwhile, those hurriedly raised Foreign Legion regiments at the Maginot Line were acquiring a baptism of fire. Much has been written of the licking of the Gallic ground forces in 1940, but small is heard of the gallantry of many of its beleagured units. One of those epic units was the 11th Foreign Legion Infantry ( REI ) . The regiment was a cell of tough Legionnaires from North Africa and recent foreign voluntaries enlisted in Europe, reinforced by a battalion of unwilling Gallic conscripts. The Frenchmen disliked being thrown in with the ill-famed Foreign Legion, and the consequence was non pleasant. In preparation during the # 8220 ; phony war # 8221 ; period there was much inebriation, contending and courts-martial, but when the German panzers broke through in May, the discord among the 11th REI # 8217 ; s elements disappeared. While other Gallic regiments were caught up in the terror, turned tail and ran before the overpowering panic of the German armored combat vehicles and Junkers Ju-87 Stuka honkytonk bombers, the 11th REI stood house. During two hebdomads of difficult combat, they held off their aggressors while other Gallic units retreated around them. Finally, about wholly surrounded, they were forced to fall back. Colonel Jean-Baptiste Robert burned the regimental criterion and buried its tassel, which was later delve up and returned to the Legion. There were merely 450 work forces of the original 3,000 left to return to North Africa with the 11th REI after the cease-fire. The 97th Foreign Legion Divisional Reconnaissance Group ( GERD 97 ) besides attained glorification during the 1940 fiasco. It was likely the lone all-veteran North African outfit of the Legion regiments in France. GERD 97 had been organized from the 1st Foreign Legion Cavalry Regiment, the Legion Equus caballus horse outfit that had been raised in Africa in the 1920s from the leftovers of White Russian General Baron Pyotr Wrangel # 8217 ; s horse, which had been all but destroyed in the civil war against the Bolsheviks. Mechanized and outfitted with disused armoured autos, GERD 97 carried out reconnaissance missions, but its scouting yearss came to an terminal when it ran into the powerful German Mark III armored combat vehicles. In typical Legion manner, GERD 97 threw itself against those monsters without vacillation, contending rear-guard actions to cover the withdrawing Gallic. GERD 97 managed to last until June 9, when a concluding, self-destructive charge against the panzers le ft all the Legion vehicles firing. There were no known subsisters. The 13th Demi-Brigade returned to France from Norway, sailing into the seaport at Brest on June 13, about at the same clip the Germans were processing into Paris. Colonel Magrin-Verneret was ordered to organize a line as portion of the proposed last-ditch # 8220 ; Breton Redoubt, # 8221 ; but it was no usage. The Germans had broken through. While on a forward reconnaissance mission to find what could be done to detain the enemy, Magrin-Verneret and some of his officers became separated from the chief organic structure of the 13th Demi-Brigade, and when they returned to Brest they could non happen any hint of the unit. The reconnaissance party assumed that the chief organic structure had been over-run, and the colonel determined that he and his # 8230 ; The remainder of the paper is available free of charge to our registered users. The enrollment procedure merely couldn # 8217 ; t be easier. Log in or registry now. It is all free! 310